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小 发表于 2012-7-20 09:16 只看该作者
逝去的荣耀Ⅰ——奥匈帝国勋奖章图集[94P]
前言
提起奥匈帝国，许多人可能首先想到茜茜公主与约瑟夫浪漫的爱情故事，然后就是在萨拉热窝遇刺身亡的斐迪南大公夫妇。除此之外，很难再想到其他一些有代表性的事物了。有时候会觉得，奥匈帝国只是存在于历史书上的一个名词而已，就如同曾经的罗马帝国一样，离我们非常遥远，甚至没有任何联系。虽然很多人都记不起八国联军侵华战争中，奥匈就是入侵的列强之一。即便是在一次大战期间，我们仍选择无视它，把注意力集中在英、法、德、俄这四个国家身上。
其中的原因可能有两点，首先是相比20年以后那次更大的浩劫，我们更关心后者，二次大战有太多吸引眼球的地方：诸多成功的指挥官、新颖的战术、先进的武器与科技，当然里面还有各大阵营宣传机器的功劳。其次是奥匈帝国解体后，匈牙利在二战只扮演配角，而奥地利索性被纳入了德国版图。也就没有“奥军在二战的表现”之说了。
相比德意志帝国，奥匈帝国勋奖章的知名度低了很多，且国内鲜有详细介绍文章。此外当时的社会等级森严，颁发勋章时首先看重获得者的身份，其次才是能力，这就造成绝大多数勋章与高级别奖章成为统治阶层与贵族们制服上的装饰物。帝国崩溃后，很难再找到在公开场合佩戴它们的情景了。
Order of the Golden Fleece 金羊毛勋章
The Order of the Golden Fleece (German: Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is an order of chivalry founded in Bruges in 1430 by Duke Philip III of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabella of Aviz.
金羊毛勋章由勃艮第公爵菲利普三世于1430年设立，以纪念与葡萄牙艾维兹王朝的伊莎贝拉公主结为夫妻。
The Order of the Golden Fleece was established January 10 1430 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in celebration of the properous and wealthy domains united in his person that ran from Flanders to Switzerland. It is restricted to a limited number of knights, initially 24 but increased to 30 in 1433, and 50 in 1516—plus the sovereign. It received further privileges unusual to any order of knighthood: the sovereign undertook to consult the order before going to war; all disputes between the knights were to be settled by the order; at each chapter the deeds of each knight were held in review, and punishments and admonitions were dealt out to offenders, and to this the sovereign was expressly subject; the knights could claim as of right to be tried by their fellows on charges of rebellion, heresy and treason, and Charles V conferred on the order exclusive jurisdiction over all crimes committed by the knights; the arrest of the offender had to be by warrant signed by at least six knights, and during the process of charge and trial he remained not in prison but in the gentle custody of his fellow knights.
1430年1月10日，勃艮第公爵菲利普大婚，出于纪念与庆祝这一盛大事件的原因而设立了金羊毛勋章，并由公爵本人从佛兰德斯与瑞士众多侯选者中选取获得者。获得者都为骑士阶级，最初只有24人获此勋章，1433年增加到30名，1516年扩大为50人（包括君主）。不久之后的条例规定，金羊毛勋章的获得者享有特殊权力：开战之前与君主一同作出决策；处理所有骑士之间的纠纷；管理各位骑士的档案，负责奖罚事务，同时拥有向君主直接报告的权力；被指控犯有谋反、异端及叛国罪时，其他金羊毛骑士可出面为其辩护，到了卡尔五世时期，又获得审理所有案件的专属管理权；负有罪行的金羊毛骑士在被起诉与审判期间，可以受到其他骑士的良好照顾，而不必呆在监狱中。
勃艮第版金羊毛勋章
With the absorption of the Burgundian lands into the Habsburg empire, the sovereignty of the Order passed to the Habsburg kings of Spain, where it remained until the death of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles II, in 1700. He was succeeded as king by Philip V, a Bourbon. The dispute between Philip and the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, the Archduke Charles, led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and also resulted in the division of the Order into Spanish and Austrian branches.
当勃艮第地区被哈布斯堡家族收入囊中后，金羊毛勋章也一同被收入进西班牙皇室勋章体系中，直至1700年最后一任西班牙哈布斯堡统治者卡尔二世逝世。他是波旁王朝菲利普五世的继任者。此前菲利普与哈布斯堡两个家族之间就西班牙王位归属问题互不相让，随即爆发的王位战争中卡尔大公胜出，不过这场战争也使金羊毛勋章从此被分为西班牙与奥地利两条分支。
In 1812 the acting government of Spain awarded the order to the Duke of Wellington, an act confirmed by Ferdinand on his resumption of power, with the approval of Pope Pius VII. Wellington therefore became the first Protestant to be awarded the Golden Fleece. It has subsequently also been awarded to non-Christians, like Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand.
1812年，从拿破仑手中重新拿回王位的西班牙国王斐迪南在教皇庇护七世批准下，授予惠灵顿公爵金羊毛勋章。惠灵顿也成为首位获此勋章的新教徒。此后也开始向非基督徒颁发，如泰国国王普密蓬·阿杜德。
西班牙版金羊毛勋章
There was another crisis in 1833 when Isabella II became Queen of Spain in defiance of Salic Law. Her right to award the Fleece was challenged by Spanish Carlists.
1833年伊莎贝拉二世无视萨利克继承法中规定的“女子无权继承土地与王位”，成为西班牙女王。她授予自己金羊毛勋章，以此向那些支持卡洛斯登上王位的人示威。
Sovereignty remained with the head of the Spanish house of Bourbon during the republican (1931–39) and Francoist (1939–1975) periods and is held today by the present King of Spain, Juan Carlos.
此后，勋章的所有人换了一个又一个，从波旁王朝的西班牙王室、到佛朗哥，今天又回到西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯手中。
The Austrian Order did not suffer from the political difficulties of the Spanish, remaining an award solely for Catholic royals and nobles. The problem of female inheritance was avoided on the accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 as sovereignty of the Order passed not to herself but to her husband, Francis.
相比西班牙，奥地利的金羊毛勋章始终坚持只授予信奉天主教的皇室成员与贵族。由于勋章同样不颁发给女性，因此在玛丽娅·特蕾莎执政的1740年，将金羊毛勋章颁发给了他的丈夫弗朗茨。
奥地利版金羊毛勋章
Upon the collapse of the Austrian monarchy after the First World War, King Albert I of Belgium requested that the sovereignty and treasure of the Order be transferred to him as the ruler of the former Habsburg lands of Burgundy. This claim was seriously considered by the victorious allies at Versailles but was eventually rejected due to the intervention of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who took possession of the property of the Order on behalf of the dethroned emperor, Charles I of Austria. Sovereignty remains with the head of the house of Habsburg, which was handed over in 2007 by Otto von Habsburg to his eldest son, Karl Habsburg-Lothringen.
一战结束后，奥地利君主体制崩溃，比利时国王阿尔伯特一世曾提出，想学当年的哈布斯堡家族一样，将金羊毛勋章转入已方的勋章体系中，协约国各方也认真地考虑过他的请求，但在西班牙国王阿方索十三世的反对下，该议案最终没能通过，因为阿方索认为自己可以代表被废黜的奥皇卡尔一世继续行使颁发勋章的权力。尽管如此，哈布斯堡家族仍拥有勋章的所有权，2007年奥托·冯·哈布斯堡将颁发权转交给自己的长子，卡尔·哈布斯堡-洛林。
获得者佩戴图片：
勃艮第公爵菲利普三世(Philip III, Duke of Burgundy)
西班牙阿尔伯特王子(Prince Albert )
奥匈帝国皇帝斐迪南一世(Ferdinand I)
Military Order of Maria Theresa
玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章
大十字级玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章及星芒章
Military Order of Maria Theresa (Militär Maria Theresien Orden in German, Katonai Mária Terézia-rend in Hungarian) was an Order (decoration) of the Austro-Hungarian Empire founded on June 18, 1757, the day of the Battle of Kolin, by the Empress Maria Theresa to reward especially meritorious and valorous acts by commissioned officer, including and especially the courageous act of defeating an enemy, and thus, "serving" his monarch. It was specifically given for "successful military acts of essential impact to a campaign that were undertaken on [the officer's] own initiative, and might have been omitted by an honorable officer without reproach." This gave rise to a popular myth that it was awarded for (successfully) acting against an explicit order. It is considered to be the highest honor for a soldier in the Austrian Armed services.
玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章由奥匈帝国皇后玛丽娅·特蕾莎于1757年6月18日设立，也就是科林战役当天，其授予对象为在战役中建立功勋的军官，尤其是那些在面对敌人时所表现出的勇敢行为，因为这是“效忠于君主”的最好体现。它专授予给“对一场战役的成功起到了关键作用的（军官），即使是来自那些不为人所关注的岗位”。后来以此产生了一个传言：只要分毫不差地执行了命令，就能获得勋章。它是授予给奥地利军人最高级别的勋章。
Originally, the Order had two classes: the Knight's Cross and the Grand Cross. On October 15, 1765, Emperor Joseph II added a Commander's Cross and a breast star to be worn by holders of the Grand Cross.
此勋章设立之初只有两个级别：大十字级与骑士十字级。1765年10月15日，约瑟夫二世皇帝给大十字级增加了佩戴在胸口上的星芒章、另新增设了司令官级十字勋章。
司令官级玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章
A prospective awardee was considered only in regards to their military service record; their ethnicity, birth and rank (as long as he was a commissioned officer) were irrelevant. Knight Cross recipients were automatically ennobled with the title of Ritter in the Austrian nobility for life, and admitted to court. Upon further petition they could also claim the hereditary title of Baron (Freiherr). They were also entitled to a pension. Widows of the Order's recipients were entitled to half of their spouse's pension during the remainder of their lives.
勋章在颁发时只看重获得者的服役履历，与他们的血统、出身及军衔（这处针对获得者是名军官）无关。骑士级勋章的获得者将终生获得骑士头衔，成为贵族阶级的一员，享有出入宫廷的权利。同时可以申请世袭男爵爵位。当然，他们定期还可得到一笔养老金。当获得者过世后，他们的遗孀仍能领取原来金额的一半，直至他/她去世。
The Order ceased to be awarded by the Austrian Emperor at the fall of the Habsburg Dynasty in 1918, when its last sovereign, Karl I, transferred his powers concerning this honour to the Order Chapter. The Chapter then processed applications until its last meeting in 1931, when it was decided that further awards should not be made. The medal has been awarded a total of 1241 times. And during World War I, the Military Order of Maria Theresa was only awarded 131 times.
1918年奥匈帝国的哈布斯堡王朝垮台，末代皇帝卡尔一世将勋章的颁发权力移交给勋章委员会，此后再也没有发放过一枚，虽然此时仍在受理颁发申请。在1931年召开的委员会最后一次会议上，通过了废除此勋章的决定。至此，共计颁发了1241枚。其中在一次大战期间颁发了131枚。
The last surviving knight of the Order was k.u.k. Fregattenleutnant Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield. He received the honour in 1917 for his services as a maritime aviator during World War I and headed the Tripcovich Shipping Company in Trieste after the war. He died in 1986, aged ninety-six.
最后一位去世的因获颁勋章而被授予爵位的人是海军飞行员戈特弗里德·冯·班菲尔德男爵，中尉军衔。战后在第里雅斯特经营一家轮船公司，1986年逝世，享年97岁。
骑士级玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章
The badge of the Order was a gilt, white-enamelled cross. The central disc is also in enamel, bearing the coat-of-arms/national flag of Austria, surrounded by a white ring bearing the motto "Fortitvdini" (Fortitude).
此勋章的章体为镀金的白色珐琅十字。中央为圆形奥地利国旗图样，表面也涂有珐琅，周边环绕铭文“Fortitvdini（坚韧）”。
The star of the Order was a silver faceted cross of the same shape as the badge, with a wreath of green-enamelled oak leaves between the arms of the cross. The central disc is the same as on the badge.
星芒章采用与勋章的造形相同，只是在银质十字臂四周加饰了一圈涂着绿色珐琅的橡叶。
The ribbon of the Order was red-white-red, from the national flag of Austria.
勋章的授带为红-白-红，与奥地利国旗颜色相同。
钻石大十字级的星芒章，仅授予君主
Of the 131 recipients of this rare order, two men were further distinguished in the Second World War during their service in the German Wehrmacht by the award of the Knights' Cross of the Iron Cross - the later Generalleutnant Friedrich Franek and Generalmajor Alois Windisch. Many of the officers were decorated in their youth went on to serve in both the Austrian Bundesheer, Hungarian Honvéd (national army) and German Wehrmacht, eventually achieving general officer rank. One officer- Hauptmann Stanislaus Wieroński became a major general and mountain division commander in the Polish army.
德奥合并后，许多前奥地利军人加入了德国国防军，一战中的131名获得者中，有两人在二次大战期间获得了骑士十字勋章：弗里德里希·弗兰奈克陆军中将与阿洛伊斯·温迪希陆军少将。许多军官分散到了奥地利联邦军队、匈牙利军队还有德国国防军，其中不少人最终成为将军。其中有一名叫斯坦尼斯洛斯·威伦尼斯基的上尉，战后进入波兰军队，最终成为波军山地师少将师长。
弗里德里希·弗兰奈克(Friedrich Franek )陆军中将获骑士十字勋章后拍的标准照，注意其领口处的骑士级玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章
阿洛伊斯·温迪希(Alois Windisch)陆军少将，这是上校时的标准照
著名获得者：
Major-General Sir Robert Henry Dick, KCB, KCH - 73rd Foot - died of wounds, 10 February 1846. Aged 58. From Tully Mett, Perthshire. Austrian Order of Maria Theresa, Knight of the Russian Order of Vladimir. Fought in Peninsula and Waterloo. Grave at Ferozepore - "Here lies in the hope of joyful resurrection Sir Robert Henry Dick of Tully Mett, Perthshire N.B. Major-General Knight Commander of the Orders of the Bath and of Hanover, Knight of the Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa and of the Russian Order of Vladimir.Colonel of H.M. 73rd Regt. For his country he fought & bled: in Egypt at Maida thro'out the Peninsula at Waterloo & in India. For his valour and skill at Fuentes d'onor Busaco Salamanca and Waterloo he received two medals and two honorary clasps. Born on the 29th July 1787 AD he fell in the moment of victory on the 10th Feby 1846 AD while cheering on H.M's 80th Regt having led his division in the assault on the entrenched camp of the Seikh at Sobraon. Honoured and beloved he lived honoured and lamented he died."
罗伯特·亨利·迪克少将，爵士。佩思郡（苏格兰的原名）塔利麦特人，1846年2月10日因伤而亡，终年58岁。奥地利玛丽娅·特蕾莎勋章与俄国骑士级弗拉基米尔勋章获得者。曾参加过亚平宁半岛的远征和滑铁卢战役。迪克死后埋在费罗兹普尔（位于印度旁遮普邦），他的墓碑上写着“这里安睡着来自佩思郡塔利麦特的罗伯特·亨利·迪克少将、爵士，曾任第73皇家禁卫步兵团团长，司令官级巴思勋章、奥地利骑士级玛丽娅·特蕾莎军事勋章与俄国弗拉基米尔勋章获得者。为了自己的祖国而浴血奋斗：埃及、梅达、亚平宁、滑铁卢、印度留下了他的足迹，弗恩特斯、布索科、萨拉曼卡和滑铁卢都见证他的勇猛与才能。将军生于1787年7月29日，1846年2月10日在索布劳恩，他带领第80皇家禁卫步兵团参加了谢赫山战役，战斗中始终以自身的表现激励手下官兵坚守阵地，却不幸在战斗中阵亡，完成了一名军官所应尽的职责，在此我们向他表达崇高的敬意，同时也对他的逝去表示深深的惋惜。”
Submarine Captain Georg Ludwig von Trapp. Father of the famous Von Trapp family that inspired the movie The Sound of Music. He was given the medal for becoming "the dread of the Adriatic" for using his equipment to the best of his abilities. Born April 4, 1880, he died of lung cancer in Vermont on May 30 1947. He received the Lung Cancer from the toxic fumes emitted from his submarine During WWI. Out of all the medals this one was his favorite, and the only one he was able to smuggle out of Austria.
潜艇艇长格奥尔格·路德维格·冯·特拉普上尉。《音乐之声》中冯·特拉普的原型。他的授勋原因为“把杰出的才能与潜艇完全地结合在一起”，还获得一个名号-“亚得里亚幽灵”。冯·特拉普生于1880年4月4日，1947年5月30日因肺癌逝世于美国佛蒙特州。有人估计发病原因是由于在一战担任艇长期间长期吸入有毒气体。在获得的众多勋奖章中，他最喜欢这枚，所以特拉普选择了偷运这种方式将这枚勋章带出奥地利，这也是唯一值得他这么做的一枚。
The Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen 圣·斯蒂芬勋章
大十字级圣·斯蒂芬勋章及星芒章
The Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, the royal Hungarian order, founded in 1764 by the empress Maria Theresa of Austria. consisted of the grand master (the sovereign), 20 knights grand cross, 30 knights commanders and 50 knights.
The badge is a green enamelled cross with gold borders, suspended from the Hungarian crown; the red enamelled medallion in the centre of the cross bears a white patriarchal cross issuing from a coroneted green mound; on either side of the cross are the letters M.T. in gold, and the whole is surrounded by a white fillet with the legend Publicum Meritorum Praemium. The ribbon is green with a crimson central stripe. The collar, only worn by the knights grand cross, is of gold, and consists of Hungarian crowns linked together alternately by the monograms of St Stephen, S.S., and the foundress, M.T..
圣·斯蒂芬勋章属于匈牙利王室勋章，由奥地利皇后玛丽娅·特蕾莎设立于1764年。与其中勋章不同的是，它在设立之初就确定了颁发的数量：大君主级、20枚大十字骑士级、30枚司令官骑士级和50枚骑士级。勋章章体为悬挂在匈牙利皇冠下镶金边的绿色珐琅十字形章；中央红色珐琅底上绘有白色大主教十字架，其下是戴着皇冠的绿色土堆，十字架两边为金色字母“M”和“T”，外圈为白色珐琅，刻有铭文“Publicum Meritorum Prämium”。勋章的授带为绿底、中央为深红色条纹。各个级别中，只有大十字骑士级不用授带佩戴，而是用一条金质挂链：挂链由匈牙利皇冠图案组成，其间用代表“圣·斯蒂芬”的金质字母“S.S.”和表示创立者的缩写“M.T.”连接。
The order is the namesake of Hungary’s most famous king, Stephen I (969 – 1038), whose reign (997 – 1038) was marked by his consolidation of power among the various ethnic groups in Hungary, and for his adoption of Christianity as the state religion. His coronation, as recognized in the Church, dated 1001. He died on August 15, 1038, during the Feast of the Assumption. Canonized by Pope Gregory VII in 1083 along with his son Imre (who preceded him in death, after a hunting accident, 1031) and Bishop Gerhard of Hungary, St. Stephen is the patron saint of "Hungary, kings, the death of children, masons, stonecutters, and bricklayers." Though its exact provenance is somewhat disputed, the Crown of St. Stephen is said to have been a gift from Pope Silvester II, upon Stephen’s 1001 coronation.
勋章的名字源于匈牙利最著名的斯蒂芬一世国王（969-1038），他在位时最大的功绩在于巩固了匈牙利各民族间的关系，同时确立基督教为国教，为此于1001年他在教堂以基督教仪式再次举行加冕典礼。1038年8月15日国王去世，当天正好是圣母升天节。1083年教皇格里高利七世宣布加封斯蒂芬连同他的儿子伊姆雷（伊姆雷于1031年在狩猎中死于意外）以及匈牙利主教格哈德“圣徒”称号。圣·斯蒂斯是“匈牙利、国王、夭折的孩子、泥瓦匠、石匠和砖匠”的保护者。据说1001年加冕礼上所使用的皇冠就是当时教皇希尔维斯特二世的礼物。
司令官骑士级圣·斯蒂芬勋章
Empress Maria Teresa and her son, Emperor Joseph II, made several political concessions to ease tensions within their empire – most especially between Austria and Hungary. The creation of the order was one of them. Membership was available to various members of the Hungarian nobility. To receive the Order, according to collector and historian Stephen Herold,one had to have at least four quarterings of arms showing as many generations of noble status. It helped promote her (Maria Teresa's) position as Queen of Hungary and reinforced the quasi independent position of Hungary in the Empire. The original statutes allow for only 20 Grand Crosses, 30 Commanders and 50 Knights who are to be "distinguished for virtue and merit and noble birth". Grand Cross Knights were considered so important that the Emperor was to address them as "Cousin". These insignia were to be returned to the Chancellery of the Order on the death of the holder. There was no military application of this order. It is rare, and even modern awards of St. Stephen are seldom seen. Perhaps more than any other Austrian order, this one approached the ideal character as put forth in its statutes and regulations.
面对帝国内部政治关系最为紧张的奥地利和匈牙利，玛丽娅·特蕾莎皇后和她的儿子、即后来的皇帝约瑟夫二世不得不在某些地方有所妥协，设立此勋章就是其中一种表现。各位匈牙利贵族成员都有资格被授予圣·斯蒂芬勋章。根据收藏家与历史学家斯蒂芬·赫罗德的说法，获得者必须为贵族且世袭四代以上。此举极大地使玛丽娅·特蕾莎巩固了自己匈牙利女王地位，同时也让匈牙利在帝国内部保持了相当的独立性。由于原先规定只颁发20枚大十字级、30枚司令官级和50枚骑士级勋章，并且获得者必须具备“卓越的功勋和贵族血统”。大十字级勋章全都被授予给皇帝的亲属，但是当获得者死亡后，此勋章将被收回。
特制的大十字级星芒章，仅授予君主
Grand Cross – For ceremonial purposes, a full set of robes were prescribed, following the tradition of other orders, such as the Austrian and Spanish Orders of the Golden Fleece and Great Britain’s Order of the Garter. The robes were crimson and green, and were lined with ermine. A collar of gold was worn about the neck and shoulders, with the badge of the Order suspended from the collar. For normal occasions and every-day wear, a sash of crimson, edged with green, was worn over the right shoulder and extended to the left hip, the distinctive badge of the Order suspended from the sash at the hip. An eight-pointed star was worn on the left breast. During the waning days of the monarchy, especially during the Great War, a less formal option was also authorized, whereby a miniature (a so-called “kleine decoration”) of the breast star was affixed to the center of the ribbon of an ordinary knight’s cross, and was worn on the left breast with other orders and military medals, in order of precedence.
大十字级——出于仪仗的目的，此级别的勋章通常佩戴在特制的长袍上，类似的还有奥地利与西班牙两国的金羊毛勋章、还有英国的嘉德勋章。长袍为绿色和深红色，另采用白色的貂皮镶边。勋章用金质挂链戴于领口，其上还戴有星芒章。在一般场合，通常只会在右肩上佩戴一条深红色、镶绿边的襟授，而勋章则悬挂在左侧绶带尽头之上，同时星芒章佩于左胸处。在君主制的最后时日，尤其是一战期间，通过了一个授权：将一个缩小版的星芒章（又称“小家伙”）附加在骑士级授带正中，如此之后的勋章佩戴于左胸、同时略高于此处的其他勋奖章。
大十字级圣·斯蒂芬勋章获得者在正式场合时穿着的长袍
Knight Commanders – wore the badge of the Order at the throat, suspended from the crimson edged with green ribbon about the neck. During the Great War, the informal wear of the miniature, gold, Crown of Saint Stephen kleine decoration was worn on an ordinary knight’s cross, to delineate them from ordinary knights and Grand Cross knights, and worn on the left breast with other orders and military medals, in order of precedence.
司令官骑士级——勋章通过深红-绿色授带挂于颈下。与前文介绍的“简化版大十字级勋章”一样，战争期间的非正式场合，也出现在骑士级授带正中附加一枚金质圣·斯蒂芬皇冠装饰的“简化司令官骑士级勋章”，其佩戴的位置同样是左胸、且略高于此处的其他勋奖章。
骑士级——由三角形绿-深红-绿授带佩戴于左胸，略高于此处的其他勋奖章。
Knights – wore the badge of the Order, suspended from a tri-fold ribbon of crimson, edged in green, on the left breast with other orders and military medals, in order of precedence.
骑士级——由三角形绿-深红-绿授带佩戴于左胸，略高于此处的其他勋奖章。
简化版大十字级（左）与司令官级（右）
获得者佩戴图片
身着长袍的弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世
身着奥匈陆军元帅制服的德皇威廉二世，外套上佩戴着大十字级星芒章
Order of Leopold 利奥波德勋章
大十字级利奥波德勋章及星芒章
The Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold was founded by Franz I of Austria on 8 January 1808. The order's statutes stipulated only three grades: Grand Cross, Commander and Knight. During the war, in common with the other Austro-Hungarian decorations Crossed Swords were instituted to reward bravery in the face of the enemy. An Imperial Decree of the 1 February 1901 ordered that in future the senior grade would be split into two separate awards and from then onwards there were four ranks: Grand Cross, First Class, Commander, Knight.
利奥波德勋章由奥地利国王弗朗茨一世于1808年1月8日设立。最初有三个级别：大十字级、司令官级和骑士级。战争期间，与奥匈帝国其他奖章一样增设了佩剑版，以表彰面对敌人表现出非凡勇气的人。1901年2月1日皇帝颁布条例，在大十字级下再增加一个级别，最后定下的四个级别为：大十字级、一级、司令官级和骑士级。
一级利奥波德勋章的星芒章（右边为战时颁发）
Until the 18 July 1884 the award of the order had also entitled the recipient if he was not already of that standing, to be raised to the following appointments and or ranks of the nobility:
Grand Cross: Privy Councillor
Commander: Baron
Knight: Ritter
到了1884年7月18日，勋章得主可以将头衔提升到与所获勋章相对应的级别。
大十字级：枢密顾问官
司令官级：男爵
骑士级：骑士
战时版佩剑司令官级利奥波德勋章
Both the Grand Cross and the First Class Members of the Order wore on formal occasions their orders in the form a Sash with the Order attached to the Bow and respectively an eight pointed and a four pointed breast Star. The Grand Cross was somewhat larger than the First Class as was the width of the Sash. The Commanders' Cross was worn to the neck, suspended from a 52 mm wide ribbon; the Knight wore his Order on a triangular ribbon on the left breast. The actual Order consists of a red enameled gold cross, with white enamel edging. The obverse of the Order displays the initials FIA in gold on a red enamel background. The Mottoes of the Order were "INTEGRITATI ET MERITO" and "OPES REGUM CORDA SUBDITORUM". The Cross is surmounted by a golden Emperors' Crown. The Grand Cross could also be awarded with diamonds; from 1808 to 1918 only four people received this honour. The last recipient, Ernst Graf von Silva-Tarouca, was awarded the decoration on 11 November 1918, just hours before Charles I of Austria abdicated. After 1918 the Order was no longer awarded.
在平日里无论大十字级还是一级勋章的获得者都会披挂襟授，勋章就挂在襟授的底端，同时会佩戴星芒章，大十字级为八角形而一级则为四角形。另外大十字级的襟授比一级的稍宽。而司令官级勋章则用一条52毫米宽的绶带挂于脖子上；用三角形授带佩戴在左胸上的则是骑士级。勋章的章体为表面涂有红色珐琅的金质十字形，另用白色珐琅镶边。勋章正面为红底，上面有大写的FIA三个金色字母。周边写有铭文“INTEGRITATI ET MERITO”和“OPES REGUM CORDA SUBDITORUM”。在十字形章体之上的金质皇冠装饰。而大十字级更能附加钻石，不过从1808年至1918年间只有四人获此殊荣。此勋章的最后一位获得者为恩斯特·冯·希尔瓦-塔罗卡伯爵，获颁于1918年11月11日，几小时后奥皇卡尔一世宣布退位。之后此勋章终止颁发。
战时版佩剑骑士级利奥波德勋章
The Army Gazette known as the Heeres-Verordnungsblatt was the document which published the awards for all members of the Common Army. Each service had its own Verordnungsblatt and all were produced weekly together in a publication known as Streffleurs Militärblatt. The page shown here is from the edition of 7th July 1917 showing the first sheet of the Common Army Personnel Matters section numbered 125 and dated the 2nd July 1917 (P.V. Bl. f. d. k.u.k. Heer Nr.125 v. 2.Juli). It shows amongst others two awards of the Knights' Cross of the Leopold Order with War Decoration and Swords to Oberst Gustav Seidl of FeldhaubRgt. Nr.6 and Oberleutnant Béla Szilárd of HonvédInfRgt. Nr.31.
全军所有获得勋奖章人员的名单都会出现在《陆军公报》上，从某个角度上看，《陆军公报》更像军事杂志，它每周出版一次，分发全军。下图为1917年7月7日出版的《公报》首页，上面刊登了军队人事局于1917年7月2日签署的第125号公告。其中记录了两名佩剑骑士级利奥波德勋章获得者，分别为第6步兵团的古斯塔夫·赛德尔上校和第31步兵团的贝拉·希拉尔中尉。
1917年7月7日《陆军公报》
奥匈皇帝专用长袍，佩戴着大十字级利奥波德勋章及星芒章
Order of the Iron Crown 铁皇冠勋章
大十字级铁皇冠勋章及星芒章（右起第一枚为“简化版大十字级”）
The Imperial Order of the Iron Crown was established June 5, 1805 by Napoleon Bonaparte (under his title of King Napoleon I of Italy), and later became an Imperial Austrian order. It took its name from the ancient Iron Crown of Lombardy, a medieval jewel with an iron ring. This crown also gave its name to the Italian Order of the Crown.
铁皇冠勋章最初由拿破仑·波拿巴于1805年6月5日设立（此时他已获得“意大利国王拿破仑一世”头衔），后来才成为奥地利勋章。勋章的名字来源于伦巴底古老的铁皇冠，它是一顶镶有中世纪风格宝石的铁质环冠。因此铁皇冠勋章又被称为“意大利皇冠勋章”。
The Iron Crown of Lombardy, made for Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, was alleged to be crafted from one of the original nails in the True Cross used in the Crucifixion of Jesus. Regardless of origin, her crown was crafted of six hinged plates of gold, set with precious gems, and held together with an iron circlet structure, underneath. Thus, came the term “Iron Crown.”
伦巴底的铁皇冠是专为希德琳达王后（注1）打造的，皇冠主体为相互连接的六块金板，上面镶着名贵珠宝，在内圈还有一个铁环使皇冠更加牢固，“铁皇冠”之名由此得来，据说这个铁环取自真十字架（注2）上的一枚钉子。
伦巴底的铁皇冠
Upon Theodelinda’s death in 628, her crown was donated to the Church at Monza, where it still remains. It was used during the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne, as he took the throne of Lombardy, in 774. Later Holy Roman Emperors followed suit in this tradition.
628年希德琳达死后，皇冠被捐赠给蒙扎大教堂，这个教堂今天依然存在。后来查理曼大帝将伦巴底收入囊中，因此774年在被加冕为神圣罗马帝国皇帝的典礼上，铁皇冠戴在了查理曼头上。此后这个仪式就成了历任神圣罗马帝国皇帝的惯例。
During his continued expansion of power, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy in much the same manner as Charlemagne. As a symbolic gesture, he too, had himself crowned as King of Italy, using the Iron Crown of Lombardy for the coronation. The coronation occurred on May 26, 1805.
历史有时会有惊人的相似，拿破仑·波拿巴征服意大利的过程与查理曼的风格如出一辙。同样，为了表现出胜利者的姿态，他将铁皇冠戴在自己头上，同时自封意大利国王，那次加冕典礼于1805年5月26日举行。
Three weeks later, Emperor Napoleon founded the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown, on June 15, 1805. The Order was divided into three classes, with 20 grand cross knights, 30 knight commanders, and 50 ordinary knights. With his eventual defeat at Waterloo, in 1815, the Imperial French Order ceased to exist.
三星期后，即1805年6月15日，拿破仑皇帝宣布设立铁皇冠皇帝勋章。勋章共有三个级别，共颁发20枚大十字级、30枚司令官级和50枚骑士级。由于1815年他在滑铁卢的失败，所有拿破仑时期的勋章终止颁发。
The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, gave way to the Empire of Austria, between 1804 and 1806. The last Holy Roman Emperor, Franz II, was proclaimed Emperor Franz I of Austria. His daughter, the Archduchess Maria Louise, was Napoleon’s second wife and Empress Consort, and the mother of Napoleon’s only legitimate son and heir, Napoleon, Duke of Reichstadt. With the collapse of Napoleon’s empire, Imperial Austria regained its traditional control of Lombardy. Emperor Franz re-established the Order of the Iron Crown as an Austrian order.
1804年至1806年间，神圣罗马帝国的统治权滑落到了奥地利的哈布斯堡王朝。最后一任神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗朗茨二世，宣布更改名号为奥地利皇帝弗朗茨一世。他的女儿，玛丽娅·路易丝女大公则是拿破仑的第二任妻子、皇后，同时也是拿破仑唯一拥有继承资格的儿子、莱克施塔特公爵（即罗马王，又称拿破仑二世）的母亲。随着拿破仑帝国的崩溃，奥地利帝国收回了传统的领地伦巴底。而后弗朗茨皇帝重新设立了铁皇冠勋章，并将它纳入奥地利勋章体系之中。
The Austrian order was also divided into three distinct classes of knighthood, recognized as the First, Second, and Third Classes. Investment of this order carried an Imperial patent of nobility. With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1918, all but one (the Order of the Golden Fleece) of the chivalric orders of its monarchy was formally abolished.
重新设立的勋章也分为三个级别：大十字级、司令官级和骑士级（这里的原文写成一、二、三级）。当然这又是皇室与贵族们的专属装饰。1918年随着奥匈帝国的瓦解，所有君主制时期设立的勋章（除了金羊毛勋章）都被废除。
司令官级铁皇冠勋章（右为战时颁发的佩剑版）
While the ribbon colors changed from the Imperial French gold and green to the Imperial Austrian gold and royal blue, the general look of the medal remained largely the same – an imperial eagle set within a representation of the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Grand Cross (French) and First Class (Austrian) knights wore a sash and badge over the right shoulder, with an eight-pointed star (that featured the Iron Crown at its center) on the left breast. Imperial French knight commanders wore a traditional military style medal on the left chest, with the addition of a bow in the center of the ribbon to delineate them from ordinary knights. Imperial Austrian Second Class knights wore the medal suspended from a ribbon about the neck. French ordinary knights and Austrian Third Class knights wore a traditional military medal on the left chest.
拿破仑设立的铁皇冠勋章授带颜色为金色和绿色，而后奥地利重设之后则将授带改成了金色与宝蓝，从总体上看，两者基本相同——两者都采用了伦巴底皇冠以及代表皇帝的鹰徽；大十字级勋章挂在襟授的末端、左胸佩戴星芒章（正面图案皆为铁皇冠）；骑士级全都用授带佩戴在左胸。不同之处在于法国版的司令官级勋章用授带挂于左胸，而奥地利版的则戴在脖子下方。
骑士级铁皇冠勋章
From 1908 for First Class knights, and from 1917 for Second Class knights, the Imperial Austrian order allowed for an undress version to be worn with service dress. First Class knights were authorized to wear a Third Class military medal on the left breast, with an addition of a device known as a "kleine decoration". The pin device was a miniature version of the First Class breast star, and was worn on the center of the ribbon to delineate the wearer as a knight of the First Class. Variations in the star matched the details of the knight's specific award: including the war decoration wreath and the crossed swords. The Second Class kleine decoration was a miniature depiction of the Iron Crown of Lombardy (copied from the lower part of the actual medal). As with the First Class knights, the kleine decorations for the Second Class knights matched the award to the knights: crown only for peacetime award, crown encircled by a wreath for the war decoration, and topped with swords for those awards "with swords", and was worn in the same fashion as that of the First Class knights.
1908年及1917年，政府相继允许了大十字级和司令官级获得者在日常佩戴“简化版”勋章。如同前文所介绍的“简化版圣·斯蒂芬勋章”一样，大十字级的简化版为在战时版骑士级勋章的授带上附加一个缩小的星芒章装饰；司令官级则为一个缩小版的铁皇冠。这里所提到的“战时版”指的是在章体两边增加了花环装饰的勋章，以区分于和平时期所授予的。需要注明的是，佩剑版大十字级与司令官级的佩剑装饰附加在章体上方的皇冠附近。
During the Great War, awards "with swords" were given to symbolize personal valor of the knight that led to his award. Hence, ordinary knights medals were also frequently adorned with crossed swords, pinned to the tri-fold ribbon.
一战期间，颁发给作战英勇人员的勋章上会附加佩剑饰。因此经常可以看到勋章授带上附有交叉双剑装饰，其中以骑士级居多。
战时版佩剑骑士级铁皇冠勋章
获得者佩戴图片
陆军上将亚历山大·冯·科巴廷男爵(Feldzeugmeister Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin)，领口处佩戴着司令官级铁皇冠勋章
注1：Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, (c. 570-628) was the daughter of duke Garibald I of Bavaria.
希德琳达，伦巴底王后，巴伐利亚公爵加里波德一世的女儿。
《纽伦堡地方志》上所配希德琳达画像
She was married first in 588 to Authari, king of the Lombards, son of king Cleph. Authari died in 590. Theodelinda was allowed to pick Agilulf as her next husband and Authari's successor in 591. She thereafter exerted much influence in restoring Nicene Christianity (the mainstream, in 1054 split by the East-West Schism in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) to a position of primacy in Italy against its rival, Arian Christianity.
588年她嫁给了第一任丈夫，伦巴底国王克里夫之子、奥塔里·克里夫（注3）。奥塔里于590年逝世。591年希德琳达选择了阿吉洛夫作为奥塔里的继承者和自己的第二任丈夫。此后她开始采用各种手段力图恢复尼西亚教派（基督教于1054年分裂为罗马天主教与希腊东正教）在意大利的正统地位，同时打击阿里乌斯教派。
After the conversion of Agilulf to the Catholic faith, she started building churches in Lombardy and Tuscany, among them the cathedral of Monza and the first Baptistery of Florence. They were all dedicated to Saint John the Baptist.
阿吉洛夫改信天主教之后，希德琳达开始在伦巴底和托斯卡纳大规模地修建教堂，其中包括蒙扎大教堂和佛罗伦萨第一个浸礼堂。这些教堂全都奉献给施洗者圣约翰。
The famous treasure of Monza contains the Iron Crown of Lombardy. The history of the queen and her connection with the famous Iron Crown of Lombardy are narrated in the frescoes painted in the Theodelinda Chapel in the Cathedral of Monza, work by Ambrogio and Gregorio Zavattari (1444).
蒙扎最著名的珍宝之一就是伦巴底的铁皇冠，1444年，安布罗吉奥与格雷戈里奥·扎瓦塔里将王后与铁皇冠的故事一起绘在了蒙扎大教堂里。
注2：真十字架指的是耶稣基督受难时的十字架残骸，因沾有耶稣宝血而不易毁坏。相传是君士坦丁大帝之母海伦娜于326年朝圣期间发现，之后便成为基督教圣物。
注3：Authari (auch Autari, Authachar, Otharius; * um 540; † 5. September 590 in Pavia) war von 584 bis 590 König der Langobarden.
伦巴底国王奥塔里：540年生于欧塔留斯，590年9月5日在帕维亚逝世。584年-590年间在位。
Order of Franz Joseph 弗朗茨·约瑟夫勋章
司令官级弗朗茨·约瑟夫勋章及星芒章
The Imperial Austrian Franz Joseph Order was founded by the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on December 2, 1849 on the first anniversary of his assumption of the Imperial Crown. The order was originally awarded in three classes:
Grand Cross
Commander's Cross
Knight's Cross
此勋章由奥地利皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世于1849年12月2日设立，那天也是他登基后的第一个圣母升天节。最初设有三个等级：大十字级、司令官级和骑士级。
战时版佩剑军官级(左)与它的“简化版”(右)
The Commander's Star, which ranked immediately below the Grand Cross, was added in 1869, and the Officer's Cross, which ranked between the Commander and the Knight, was introduced on February 1, 1901. The Grand Cross, the Commander's Star and Officer's Cross were breast decorations, whereas the Commander's Cross was worn at the neck. The Knight wore his award suspended from a triangular ribbon on the left breast. Both the Commander's and Knight's Crosses were originally suspended from a red ribbon. On the 14th September and 31st December it was further ordered that non-combatants, Military Justice Officers, Medical Officers, Veterinary Officers and Officials etc. could in future be awarded the decoration with the ribbon of the Military Merit Cross. A "Kleine Dekoration" was introduced for the Grand Cross on the 23rd March 1908 followed on 27 October 1917 for the remaining high awards of the Order. In common with the other Austro-Hungarian awards of the period, the Franz Joseph Order was further distinguished with the addition of the War decoration and Swords. However, the actual award was usually presented for distinguished service as opposed to gallantry in the face of the enemy.
1869年，为司令官级增加了星芒章，1901年2月1日又在司令官级与骑士级之间增设了军官级。大十字级、司令官级星芒章和军官级都佩戴在胸前上，而司令官级则用授带挂在脖子下方。骑士级采用三角形授带佩戴在左胸前。最初司令官级与骑士级的授带皆为红色。同年9月14日与12月31日发布的补充条例又规定，授予给非战斗人员，如军法官、军医、兽医和文职人员时，采用军事功勋十字奖章的授带。1908年3月23日出现了“简化版大十字级”（关于“简化版奖章”概念参见前文介绍），随后扩大到司令官级与军官级，直到1917年10月27日被取消。与奥匈帝国其它奖章一样，也有战时版与佩剑版，军事版本勋章的授予标准通常为在面对敌人时表现出非凡的勇气与功绩。
战时版军官级弗朗茨·约瑟夫勋章
Honorees of the order include Anton Bruckner and Émile Baudot.
获得者包括安东·布鲁克纳和埃米尔·博多。
The order ceased to exist with the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. It was not re-established with the foundation of the Republic of Austria in 1919 when titles became illegal.
此勋章随着奥匈帝国于1918年的崩溃而废止。由于其名称的特殊性，注定它不可能出现在1年后建立的奥地利共和国奖章体系中。
骑士级弗朗茨·约瑟夫勋章
This document which is reproduced from the Verordnungsblatt für das k.u.k Heer Number 75 dated the 1st of May 1918, several Officers and Officials have their awards of a Knights' Cross of the Franz Joseph Order promulgated. The general citation is for outstanding service achievements in the face of the enemy.
下图为1918年5月1日陆军第75号公报的复制品，几名军官与文职人员因为面对敌人时的杰出表现而被授予骑士级勋章。
安东·布鲁克纳(1824.9.4 – 1896.10.11) ，奥地利作曲家
埃米尔·博多(1845.11.9 – 1903.3.28) ，法国电报工程师，博多电码发明者
Military Merit Cross 军事功勋十字奖章
一级军事功勋十字奖章（右为佩剑战时版）
The Military Merit Cross (German: Militärverdienstkreuz) was a decoration of the Empire of Austria and, after the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867, the Empire of Austria-Hungary. It was first established on October 22, 1849 and underwent several revisions to its design and award criteria over the years of its existence. It became obsolete in 1918 with the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
此勋章最初为奥地利奖章，设立于1849年10月22日，1867年奥地利与匈牙利合并成为奥匈帝国后，成为帝国奖章体系中的一份子，其间经历了数次奖章章体与颁发标准的改动。1918年帝国崩溃后被废除。
The Military Merit Cross was established on October 22, 1849 by Emperor Franz Joseph I, based on the recommendation of Field Marshal Count Radetzky. It was to be awarded to officers who had performed especially praiseworthy service before the enemy in wartime, or outstanding service in peacetime, and was originally established in only one class.
1849年12月22日，弗朗茨·约瑟夫皇帝采纳了陆军元师拉德茨基伯爵的建议，宣布设立军事功勋十字奖章，授予对象为在战场上面对敌人时表现出非凡的功绩、或在和平时期表现突出的军官，此时奖章只有一个级别。
The first awards were made to all officers who had served under Count Radetzky in the Italian campaigns of 1848-49, especially the Battle of Custoza in 1848 and the Battle of Novara in 1849. Just under 1,500 awards were made in 1849 and 1850, mainly to these officers. After this, the Military Merit Cross was awarded sparingly except during the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859, the German-Danish War of 1864, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 (when Austria occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina), and the Boxer Rebellion.
第一批被授予军事功勋十字奖章的军官全部来自拉德茨基伯爵指挥的部队，他们在1848-49年间的意大利战役中表现突出，尤其是1848年库斯托扎战役和1849年的诺瓦拉战役。1849年至1850年间共颁发了不超过1500枚，而其中绝大多数授予给了这些军官。此后，奖章的颁发数量一直不多，大多集中在几次规模较大的战争中，包括萨奥战争（1859年）、德丹战争（1864年）、普奥战争（1866年）、第十次俄土战争（1877至1878年，当时奥军占领了波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那），以及中国战争（也就是1900年八国联军侵华战争）。
The first major revision of the Military Merit Cross came on January 12, 1860, when the War Decoration (Kriegsdekoration) was created. This was a green laurel wreath (Lorbeerkranz) between the arms of the cross, which was awarded for special deeds before the enemy ("für besondere Taten vor dem Feind"). Henceforth (and retroactively), wartime awards would be distinguished from peacetime awards by the presence of the wreath.
1860年1月12日通过了第一次修改条例，在每两条十字臂之间增加绿色月桂花环的战时装饰，以表彰在战场上的功勋。从此，确立了这种战时版奖章，以区分和平时期颁发的无花环同类奖章。
二级军事功勋十字奖章（右为佩剑战时版）
The next significant change occurred on September 23, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I. The Military Merit Cross was divided into three classes. The previous Military Merit Cross, a breast decoration worn on a trifold ribbon, became the 3rd Class. A neck badge was created as the 2nd Class and a pinback cross became the new 1st Class. This classification made the Military Merit Cross effectively an order, with the 3rd Class equivalent to a knight's badge, the 2nd Class equivalent to a commander's badge, and the 1st Class equivalent to the breast star of an order. A recipient of an earlier Military Merit Cross without the War Decoration, if awarded the Military Merit Cross with the War Decoration, could wear both, and a recipient of a higher class could continue to wear the lower class. The statutes allowed for all three classes to be awarded with or without the War Decoration, but given the wartime situation, most awards were with the War Decoration.
下一次重大改动发生于一战爆发不久后的1914年9月23日。奖章被分为了三个级别。由于此前颁发的奖章都被划分为三级，用三角形授带佩戴在左胸。新增的二级奖章用授带悬挂于颈下，一级章则用章体背后的别针佩戴在胸口上。经过此番改动，它也由单一的品种变为了成体系的奖章，三级相当于其他骑士级勋章，二级对应司令官级，而一级章就可以与星芒章画等号。由于最初的奖章没有战时版，所以新条例规定，如果获得者又被授予同级别的战时版奖章，可以同时佩戴旧版与战时版两枚奖章；如果后来被授予的战时版级别高于此前获得的旧版，则允许他继续佩戴旧版奖章。条例同时也规定了三个级别奖章的战时版装饰附加标准，但在战争时期，绝大多数颁发的奖章上都有花环装饰。
Another change occurred on December 13, 1916, when swords were authorized for awards for bravery. These were crossed swords on the ribbon for the 3rd Class, and between the arms of the cross for the 1st and 2nd Class. On August 1, 1917, second and third awards of the 3rd Class were authorized, signified by one or two 6-mm wide silver clasps on the ribbon. On February 8, 1918, a second award of the 2nd Class was also authorized.
1916年12月13日进行了最后一次重大修改，增加了表彰获得者非凡勇气的佩剑装饰。不同的是，一、二级的佩剑都装饰在章体上，唯独三级奖章的装饰是放在授带上的。1917年8月1日的补充规定中，允许在三级奖章的授带上附加一或两枚银质6毫米宽装饰条，以表示获得者为第二或第三次获颁。1918年2月8日，又将银质装饰条附加范围扩大到二级奖章上。
Until World War I, awards to non-Austro-Hungarian officers were uncommon. A number of Saxon officers received the Military Merit Cross in the Austro-Prussian War. Two Bavarians and one Saxon were decorated for their service in the Boxer Rebellion. During World War I, awards to officers of Austria-Hungary's allies became far more common, especially to Germans serving alongside Austro-Hungarians or serving in regiments of which the Emperor was the honorary chief.
在一战之前，难得有非奥匈军官被授予此奖章。普奥战争中只有一名萨克森军官被授予。中国战争期间只表彰了两名巴伐利亚人和一名萨克森人。一次大战期间，获得此奖章的外国军官才逐渐增多，这些外国人都是奥匈的盟友，尤其是与其并肩作战的德军以及担任着荣誉团长职务的德意志君主。
佩剑战时版三级军事功勋十字奖章（即设立之初的“军事功勋十字奖章”）
From the earliest days of the decoration, the Austrian Emperor also reserved the right to make awards of the Military Merit Cross with Diamonds. This was not a special class, but a token of esteem. Most recipients were senior Austro-Hungarian generals and admirals, although a number were awarded during World War I to high-ranking allies.
从奖章设立的那天开始，奥地利皇帝拥有的另一个权力就是颁发钻石军事功勋十字奖章。它不属于任何一个级别，仅仅是为了体现尊贵的地位。其获得者皆为奥匈军队的元老，一战期间也颁发奥地利盟友的最高指挥官。
通过查找，已确认获得钻石军事功勋十字奖章的外国人有：奥古斯特·冯·马肯森陆军大将（1915年11月28日，后来晋升为元帅）、奥斯曼土耳其苏丹穆罕默德五世（1917年4月）、巴伐利亚亲王利奥波德陆军元帅（1917年7月28日）、保罗·兴登堡陆军元帅（1917年11月5日）。
The Military Merit Cross is a cross pattée of white enamel edged in red enamel, with a center medallion also of white enamel edged in red enamel, on which the word "VERDIENST" (merit) appears, broken into "VER" and "DIENST" to fit the center. The War Decoration is a green enamel wreath of laurel leaves between the arms of the cross.
此奖章的章体为十字形，上面涂有白底红边的珐琅，正中白底上刻有铭文“VERDIENST”（功勋），字母“VER”和“DIENST”填满了中央圆圈。而附加的战时版装饰为涂着绿色珐琅的月桂花环，环绕在十字章体上。
The 3rd Class is suspended from a trifold ribbon. The ribbon is that of the Austrian Bravery Medal, a "laddered" pattern of red stripes with white between the "rungs" and a white border (this ribbon was also used for wartime awards of a number of other Austro-Hungarian decorations). The War Decoration wreath, which during World War I was more likely gilt rather than green. The 2nd Class is suspended from a neck ribbon of the same design as for the 3rd Class, and the 1st Class is a pinback cross worn on the lower left breast.
三级奖章用三角形授带佩戴，授带与奥地利勇敢奖章相同，皆为白-红-白式样、正中排列着白色横档（许多战时佩戴的奥匈勋奖章都会采用这种授带）。值得一提的是，一战时颁发的奖章上战时版装饰几乎看不到绿色的珐琅，更像是镀金的。二级奖章用同样的授带悬挂于脖子下方，而一级奖章则通过背后的别针佩戴在左胸口处（类似德国的一级铁十字勋章）。
Military Merit Medal 军事功勋奖章
铜质佩剑军事功勋奖章
The Military Merit Medal (in German Militär-Verdienstmedaille) was a military decoration of the Empire of Austria-Hungary. It was founded by Emperor Franz Joseph I on March 12, 1890. The Military Merit Medal is often referred to as the "Signum Laudis" (Latin for "sign of praise") after the inscription on the reverse of the medal.
军事功勋奖章由弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世设立于1890年3月12日，由于奖章背面刻有“Signum Laudis（拉丁文“荣耀的证明”）”字样，因此也被后人称为“Signum Laudis”奖章。
The Military Merit Medal was only awarded to officers and officials of similar rank. In the Austro-Hungarian order of precedence, the Military Merit Medal ranked below orders, such as the Order of the Iron Crown, and the Military Merit Cross. The Silver Military Merit Medal (established in 1911) outranked the Bronze Military Merit Medal. The one exception to the order of precedence was the Large Military Merit Medal (Große Militär-Verdienstmedaille), a golden medal given as a sign of special recognition by the Emperor and usually awarded to senior officers. It outranked the lower grades of the Military Merit Cross and some orders.
此奖章只授予给军官或与之类似的公务员。在奥匈勋奖章体系中，它的地位仅次于各类勋章，后者如铁皇冠勋章、军事功勋十字勋章。1911年又在原有的铜质奖章基础上增设了银质军事功勋奖章。另外，有一种金质大型军事功勋奖章，其级别高于所有奖章、甚至高于部分勋章，它是由君主颁发给作出特别功绩的军官。
The Military Merit Medal was awarded in peacetime for meritorious service and in wartime for outstanding acts (including bravery or military merit). The peacetime awards were on the statute ribbon, a red ribbon, while wartime awards were on the ribbon of the Bravery Medal, a "laddered" pattern of red stripes edged in white and with white between the "rungs". This latter was referred to as being either "on the War Ribbon" ("am Kriegsband") or "on the ribbon of the Bravery Medal" ("am Bande der Tapferkeitsmedaille"). Occasionally, the phrase "on the ribbon of the Military Merit Cross" ("am Bande des Militär-Verdienstkreuzes") was used, as the Military Merit Cross also used the ribbon of the Bravery Medal.
和平时期的优异服役与战时的杰出表现（包括勇敢与军事功勋）都能被授予此奖章。和平时期被授予的采用正规红色授带，战时颁发的则用与勇敢奖章一样的授带（这种授带前文有介绍），或叫“战时授带”。
左为金质军事功勋奖章（配颁发给非战斗人员的红色授带），右为第二版银质军事功勋奖章（正面头像为卡尔一世，配“战时授带”）
Awards on the War Ribbon took precedence over awards of the same class on the peacetime ribbon.
值得一提的是，使用战时授带的地位高于和平时期颁发的同级奖章。
The Military Merit Medal originally came in one class, a gilt bronze version. Originally, repeat awards were not authorized (except that one could receive both the peacetime version and the version on the War Ribbon). On March 26, 1911, a Silver Military Merit Medal was founded. It was intended to reward those who would have earned a second award of the Military Merit Medal. It too could be awarded on either of the two ribbons. Originally, it was intended that the Silver Military Merit Medal would replace a Bronze Military Merit Medal, but on April 7, 1914, the wear of both at the same time was permitted.
军事功勋奖章在设立之初只有铜质一个级别，且不能多次获得（和平时期与战时各被授予一枚除外）。1911年3月26日增设了代表第二次授予的银质奖章，银质奖章同样可以搭配之前介绍的两种授带。还有一个非常有趣的现象，直到1914年4月7日，才允许同时佩戴银质与铜质奖章。
On December 13, 1916, the wear of a pair of gilt crossed swords on the ribbon was authorized to recognize a higher grade of wartime merit. In addition, reflecting the increasing number of recommendations for repeat awards as World War I progressed, on April 1, 1916, the Emperor authorized one or two 8-mm wide silver clasps on the ribbon. Two such clasps would indicate a third award of the Silver Military Merit Medal. If swords were also earned, these were mounted on the clasp.
1916年12月13日通过了一项条例，允许在授带上增加金质佩剑装饰，以表彰更高级别的功勋。另外，面对一战期间日益增多的获得者，皇帝不得不于1916年4月1日宣布，设立一种安放在授带上的8毫米宽银质装饰条，二根银条表示三次获颁，如果有佩剑装饰，则将它放到银条上面。
Also founded on April 1, 1916 was the Large Military Merit Medal (Große Militär-Verdienstmedaille), also called the Large Signum Laudis (Große Signum Laudis). This was intended for the "highest especially praiseworthy recognition" and was awarded only 30 times (with 4 repeat awards). The Large Military Merit Medal was of gilt bronze, and was 38-mm in diameter, compared to 32-mm for the Silver Military Merit Medal. The crown was surmounted by a wreath of laurel leaves. The repeat awards were indicated by a golden clasp on the ribbon, and all awards were on the War Ribbon. While the Bronze and Silver Military Merit Medals were essentially reserved for Austro-Hungarians only, ten of the 30 Large Military Merit Medals were awarded to foreigners (9 Germans and 1 Ottoman).
1916年4月1日当天还增设了大型军事功勋奖章，授予给“作出了无人能及之功绩”的人，且仅仅发放了30枚（其中4枚为两次颁发）。此章为铜质镀金，直径38毫米，比银质的32毫米大了一圈。在皇冠的下方也增加了月桂花环。第二次获颁则在授带上附加金质横条。按理说如此级别的奖章只会颁发给本国人，但事实是这30枚之中光外国人就占了10枚（9名德国人与1名土耳其人）。
两个版本的佩剑大型军事功勋奖章
A new series of Silver and Bronze Military Merit Medals was created on April 18, 1917, which featured the bust of Emperor Karl I, who had acceded to the Austro-Hungarian throne after the death of Franz Joseph I on November 21, 1916. The main difference, besides the bust of the new Emperor in place of the old, was the replacement of the single crown above the medal by the paired crowns of Austria and Hungary on a bed of laurel and oak leaves. Also, given late-war conditions, the new medals were cruder in quality than their predecessors. A new Large Military Merit Medal was added on April 28, 1917.
由于弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世于1916年11月21日逝世，继任者为卡尔一世。奖章也随之改变，1917年4月18日出台的修改条例，除了将正面图案改为卡尔一世的半身像外，又把旧版章体上方的单皇冠增加为铺着橡叶花环的双皇冠。1917年4月28日又确定了新版大型军事功勋奖章。由于此时已是战争后期，奖章的质量低劣，无法与旧版相比。
The Military Merit Medal became obsolete with the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in November 1918. However, previously awarded medals continued to be worn by veterans in many of the successor states of the empire. After the Anschluss in 1938, when Nazi Germany annexed the Austrian Republic, the Military Merit Medal and other Austro-Hungarian medals were often worn mounted German-style rather than on trifolds.
随着奥匈帝国于1918年11月崩塌，奖章也被废止，但新成立的奥地利共和国政府仍允许老兵们佩戴它们。1938年德奥合并后，独特的三角形授带逐渐被德国式样的阅兵勋表取代。
In Hungary, which was under the regency of Miklós Horthy, many imperial decorations were continued or revived in modified forms. One of these was the Signum Laudis, reestablished in 1922. The Hungarian Signum Laudis replaced the Austrian crown with the Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen. The obverse featured the double cross of the Hungarian coat of arms and the reverse added the date 1922 below the words SIGNUM LAUDIS. New ribbons were also introduced: a green ribbon for civil awards and a green ribbon with narrow white (inner) and red (outer) stripes for military awards. A war ribbon was authorized in 1939 which reversed the colors of the military ribbon to red with narrow white (inner) and green (outer) stripes.
而在匈牙利，摄政王米克洛什·霍尔蒂保留了许多皇帝时期的奖章，或略加修改。1922年军事功勋奖章被重新设立。不过新版章用匈牙利皇冠取代了原先的圣·斯蒂芬皇冠。正面图案为象征匈牙利的双十字徽章，背面是“SIGNUM LAUDIS”字样，其下有重设日期“1922”。同时对授带颜色也作了更改：授予平民的用绿色，军人采用绿-白-红三色授带。1939年又出台了“战时授带”，不过只是将颜色颠倒为红-白-绿三色。
匈牙利颁发的佩剑军事功勋奖章（上面为金质，下面是银质）
Feldmarschalleutnant Stephan von Schneeberger is awarded a Silver Military Merit Medal on the 28th of June 1917 as published in the Heeres-Verordungsblatt Number 126 dated 4th July 1917.
下图为1917年7月4日陆军第126号公报，上面刊登了斯蒂芬·冯·施内伯格中将于1917年6月28日被授予银质军事功勋奖章。
获得者佩戴图片：
赫尔曼·科维斯·冯·科维斯哈扎(Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza)，奥匈军队末任总司令。注意他佩戴了三枚军事功勋奖章（阅兵勋表最后三枚，从内到外分别是大型、银质与铜质）
欧根大公(Archduke Eugen)，奥匈陆军元帅
泰森公爵、弗里德里希大公(Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen)，奥匈陆军元帅
Bravery Medal 勇敢奖章
一级银质勇敢奖章（第2次获颁）
Kaiser Joseph II first founded a Golden and Silver commemorative medal on the 19th of July 1789 for Non Commissioned Officers and Private Soldiers who had distinguished themselves before the enemy. Since 1809 this was known as the Bravery Medal or Tapferkeitsmedaille. On the 19th August 1848 Kaiser Ferdinand divided the Silver Bravery Medal into two classes - a First and a Second Class. The 2nd Class Medal being a smaller version with a diameter of 31mm. On the 14th February 1915 Kaiser Franz Joseph introduced the Bronze Medal which was the same size as the 2nd Class Silver. Unlike the three senior awards, the Bronze Medal could be awarded to NCOs and Private Soldiers of allied armies. The Bravery Medals displayed the reigning Kaiser's head on the obverse. In the case of Franz Joseph, he was depicted in a Marshals' uniform and the following inscription was placed around the outer edge of the medal: "FRANZ JOSEPH I. V. G. G. KAISER V. OESTERREICH" (Franz Joseph I, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria). The obverse showed six crossed regimental colours surrounded by a laurel wreath and the motto: "Der Tapferkeit". The diameter of the Gold and large Silver Medal was 40mm. The ribbon of the Bravery Medal was the same white and red ribbon as the Military Merit Cross. An Imperial Decree of the 29th November 1915 introduced bars for repeat awards and these took the form of an 8mm wide smooth rustless iron bar. The recipient of a Bravery Medal was entitled to a lifelong pension and as ordered by the "Zirkularverordnung" of 18th September 1914 the sums were as follows with effect from the 1st October 1914:
Golden Bravery Medal 30 Crowns per month
Silver Bravery Medal 1st Class 15 Crowns per month
Silver Bravery Medal 2nd Class 7.50 Crowns per month
The Bronze Bravery Medal did not attract a pension and repeat awards did not result in an higher payment for the recipients.
1789年7月19日，约瑟夫二世皇帝设立了一种金质/银质纪念奖章，以表彰作战英勇的士官与士兵。1809年起更名为勇敢奖章。1848年8月19日斐迪南皇帝将银质奖章拆分为一级与二级，其中二级奖章略小，直径为31毫米，而金质与银质一级奖章的直径为40毫米。。1915年2月14日，弗朗茨·约瑟夫皇帝又增加与二级银质奖章尺寸一致的铜质奖章。与另外三级不同的是，与奥匈协同作战的友军士官、士兵也可以被授予铜质奖章。奖章的正面为当时皇帝的头像：弗朗茨·约瑟夫时期的图案为皇帝身着元帅制服、环绕着铭名“FRANZ JOSEPH I. V. G. G. KAISER V. OESTERREICH（弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世，拜神所赐的奥地利皇帝）”。背面为被月桂围绕的铭名“Der Tapferkeit（勇敢）”。1915年11月29日皇帝又颁布条例，允许能附加在授带上的8毫米宽不锈钢横条。另外根据1914年9月18日发布规定，勇敢奖章的获得者终生将获得津贴。
以下是1914年10月1日公布的津贴标准：
金质勇敢奖章：30克朗/月
一级银质勇敢奖章：15克朗/月
二级银质勇敢奖章：7.5克朗/月
铜质勇敢奖章没有津贴补助，而且多次获得奖金也无法叠加。
金质勇敢奖章（第2版，头像为卡尔一世）
With effect from the 4th April 1917 as published in the Normal-Verordnungsblatt Nr.18 new versions of the Medal were introduced bearing the new Kaiser's portrait and the inscription: CAROLVS D. G. IMP. AVST. REX BOH. ETC. ET REX APOST. HVNG." on the obverse. The reverse was altered to bear the Motto "FORTITVDINI". A further change was the newly introduced eligibility for Commissioned Officers to be awarded the Golden and Silver Bravery Medals with effect from the 15th of September 1917 although the Officers' Awards did not attract the monthly pension. The Officers' version was distinguished by the addition to the triangular ribbon of a gold or silver "K". Although the awards to NCOs and Men were delegated to Army Commanders in the field those of the Golden and Silver Medals for Officers remained an Imperial prerogative.
1917年4月4日发布的第18号政府公报宣布更改正面的皇帝头像，铭文换成“CAROLVS D. G. IMP. AVST. REX BOH. ETC. ET REX APOST. HVNG.”。背面文字也变成“FORTITVDINI”。1917年9月15日公布的条例将金质与银质奖章的授予对象扩大到所有官兵，但军官获得者不能享受津贴。军官版奖章体现在授带上附加的金质或银质字母“K”。此后的实际发放过程中，获得金质与银质奖章成了军官们的特权，授予士兵的例子少之又少。
军官版勇敢奖章上授带附加的字母“K”（最右为金质）
The Most decorated Non Commissioned officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army was Feldpilot Offiziersstellvertreter Julius Arigi (1895-1981). He was awarded the Golden Bravery Medal four times, the Silver 1st Class four times and both the Silver 2nd Class and the Bronze twice each. Kaiserschützen-Hauptmann Johann Charvát was the only commissioned Officer to be awarded the Golden Bravery Medal twice. The only person to win both the NCOs and Soldiers' and the Officers' Golden Bravery Medal was Karl Ritter von Eiss. He won his NCOs and Solders, variant as a Kadett in May 1915 and the Officers' version as an Oberleutnant in der Reserve in the Autumn of 1918.
此奖章的知名获得者包括：飞行员尤利乌斯·阿里格准尉。他一共被授予4次金质、4次一级银质、2次二级银质和2级铜质勇敢奖章。皇家禁卫军约翰·沙凡特上尉，他以候补军官身份2次获得金质奖章。唯一一位在士官与军官两个时期都获得过金质奖章的卡尔·冯·埃斯骑士，1915年5月以士官生身份第一次获颁，1918年秋以预备役中尉军衔再次获得。
获得者佩戴图片：
尤利乌斯·阿里格(1895.10.3 – 1981.10.1)
约翰·沙凡特Johann Charvát (1888-1934)
Wound Medal 战伤奖章
战伤奖章（6次获颁）
The Wound Medal (Verwundetenmedaille) was a decoration of the Empire of Austria-Hungary. It was established on August 12, 1917 by Emperor Karl and was the last medal to be officially founded in the empire. It took nearly a year before the "Statuten" (13th July 1918) and the details for awarding (25th July 1918) were published.
此奖章由卡尔一世皇帝设立于1917年8月12日，也是帝国官方发布的最后一种奖章。值得一提的是，奖章条例（1918年7月13日）与授予标准（1918年7月25日）的发布比奖章的实际颁发晚了近一年，实属奇特现象。
All persons who were engaged with the army in the field could receive this award, these were not only soldiers but also members of the foreign legions and members of the civil auxiliary units like the Red Cross etc. The right and the bureaucratic details to award this medal were delegated to the Armee- and Korps commanders and to the territorial commands in the cases of retired personnel.
按理说，只有伤兵才有资格获得战伤奖章，事实上外国志愿者、后勤单位从事辅助工作的平民（如红十字会）都在授予对象之列。另外，由于当时官僚主义缘故，高层将领或军队指挥官在退休时也会被授予战伤奖章，以示纪念。
The medal was made of zinc, and measured 38-mm in diameter. The zinc surface was dull gray, but examples with a polished surface often appear. The obverse of the medal featured a bust of Emperor Karl with his name in Latin "CAROLUS" above and a wreath of laurels below. Between the bust and the laurels in smaller letters was the name of the designer of the medal, K. Pracht. The reverse featured the words LAESO MILITI ("to the wounded soldier") and the date in Roman numerals "MCMXVIII" (1918). The winners received a small "legitimation" paper together with the medal. If a higher number of strips were reached only the new ribbon would be awarded to the entitled recipient.
奖章直径38毫米，由于其材料为锌，除了经常擦拭的，表面多呈灰暗色。章体的正面为月桂花环托起的卡尔皇帝半身像，其上为他名字的拉丁拼法“CAROLUS”。花环与头像之间还刻有奖章设计者的名字“K.Pracht”，尽管非常不起眼。背面为拉丁文“LAESO MILITI（受伤士兵）”与1918的罗马数字写法“MCMXVIII”。首次获颁者除了得到奖章外，还有一张授予证书。
The medal was suspended from a typical Austrian-style trifold ribbon, 39-mm in width. The ribbon was gray-green with 4-mm wide red edge stripes. The number of wounds was indicated by narrower 2-mm wide red stripes, edged in black, centered on the ribbon. No stripes indicated an award for someone invalided out of service. 1 strip for one wound up to 5 strips for 5 or more wounds (wounds which were received during the same day/action would count as one) and no stripes for severely damaged health caused by the circumstances of doing duty with the army in the field. Personnel with self-inflicted wounds or those who had lost the right to wear medals in the case of criminal delinquency or who died of their wounds or in other circumstances were exempted from receiving this decoration.
奖章仍采用奥地利风格的三角形授带，颜色为灰绿与红色，39毫米宽。授带上的灰绿色条纹数量表示获得次数：第一次授予时为一条，以后每受伤一次，就加一道条纹，，最高为六条，表示受伤六次或以上（同一天或同一次战斗中多次受伤也只算一次）。无条纹表示获得者为因伤致残被迫退役的军人。需要注意的是，自残、触犯某些条例或因伤而亡等情况都将被收回奖章的佩戴资格。
全套战伤奖章授带
The wound medal was in many respects similar to the Karl-Truppen-Kreuz; it was one of the very few cases where men, NCOs and officers were treated equally, for instance the higher officers who received this decoration were Generaloberst Schönburg-Hartenstein (2 strips) and Admiral Horthy!
有人说战伤奖章与卡尔军团十字奖章（下文将有介绍）在多个方面相似：例如军官与士官、士兵都有资格获得；获得者的军衔跨度非常大，从普通士兵到将军皆有，被授予战伤奖章高级军官包括舒恩堡-哈特斯泰因陆军大将（两次获颁）与霍尔蒂海军上将。
Iron Cross for Merit 功勋铁十字奖章
Awarded to soldiers or civil servants of lower rank for merit. This decoration was instituted on 1 April 1916 and could be awarded with or without an imperial crown. For service at the front, gilt swords attached to the ribbon were instituted on 13 December 1916. The cross could be suspended on the ribbon of the Bravery Medal in case of war merit or on a plain red ribbon for merit in times of peace. Awards of the latter kind were apparently never made. The obverse has a central medaillion in which the imperial monogram "FJ" (Franz Joseph) is placed within an inner circle bearing the motto "VIRIBUS UNITIS" (by united forces). The reverse bears the year of institution '1916' within a stylised wreath. The larger part of recipients of this decoration can be found among members of the medical corps, the field railroad corps and the military postal services.
此奖章设立于1916年4月1日，授予给低级别的士兵与公务员，颁发时可在十字章上方附加皇冠装饰。1916年12月13日又设立了附加在授带上、授予给战斗人员的镀金佩剑装饰。与前文介绍的某些奖章一样，战争时期此奖章会采用“战时授带”，以区分和平时期授予的红色授带。后者事实上没有颁发过。奖章正面中央为字母“FJ”，外圈刻有铭文“VIRIBUS UNITIS（团结一致）”。背面则是被月桂花环包围的设立年份“1916”。众多获得者中，医护人员、铁道部门与军事邮电部门人员占了多数。
Karl Troop Cross 卡尔军团十字奖章
The Karl Troop Cross (Karl Truppenkreuz) was instituted on 13 December 1916 by Emperor Karl I of Austria-Hungary. The cross was awarded until the end of the First World War to soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army , regardless of rank, who had been with a combatant unit for at least twelve weeks and who had actually served at the front.
此奖章由卡尔一世皇帝设立于1916年12月13日。授予对象为所有在一战前服役于奥匈军队、且在前线服役十二个月以上的各级官兵。
The medal is of zinc and consists of a cross pattée resting on a laurel wreath. The obverse bears the Latin inscription "GRATI PRINCEPS ET PATRIA, CAROLVS IMP.ET REX", (A grateful prince and country, Karl, Emperor and King). The reverse shows the Austrian and Hungarian Imperial crowns above the letter "C" (for Carolus) with the inscription "VITEM ET SANGVINEM", (With life and blood) and the date MDCCCCXVI, (1916). The design is based on the design of the Army Cross of 1813-1814 (usually known as the ‘Cannon Cross’ – ‘Kanonenkreuz’).
奖章的式样与1813-1814年军队十字奖章相似，章体为锌质十字形，上面饰有月桂花环。正面的图案为奥地利与匈牙利两顶皇冠，其上有字母“C（卡尔一世）”，中央有铭文“VITEM ET SANGVINEM（用生命和鲜血）”同时底部还有设立日期“MDCCCCXVI（1916）”。背面刻有拉丁铭文“GRATI PRINCEPS ET PATRIA, CAROLVS IMP.ET REX（来自皇帝与祖国的感谢）”。
A total of 651,000 were awarded.
此奖章在战争期间一共颁发了65万1千枚。
Pilots Badge 飞行员证章
Austro-Hungarian Army pilots badge worn during the early and mid-war years. The badge is of two-piece construction and features gilting and enammeling and is one of the prettiest of WWI avaition badges. In the center is an eagle flying over the landscape and looking for prey. The leaves represent a spray of oakleaves. Several German pilots flying with Austrian units and passing Austrian flight qualifications and examinations wore this badge. Manfred von Richtofen was one of these, and during the early part of his carreer flew observation planes on the Russian front.
证章为前后两半式结构，表面镀金。中央为正在捕食的飞鹰造型。两边为橡叶花环。出于德奥军队交流的需要，德方派出一些飞行员进入奥匈军队中学习，这些德国飞行员完成了奥方飞行课程并顺利通过考核后，也被授予了飞行员证章。曼弗雷德·冯·里希特霍芬就是其中一员，不过战争初期他在俄国前线驾驶的是侦察机。
Following the death of Franz Joseph in 1916, and the ascension of his nephew Karl to the imperial throne, the design of Austrian pilots badges was changed. The new badge, had Karl's cypher in the shield at the bottom and two crowns at the top.
1916年弗朗茨·约瑟夫驾崩后，皇位传给了侄孙卡尔一世，飞行员证章的造型也随之改变，除了将底部盾章中的字母换成代表卡尔一世的“K”，还将顶部皇冠增加到了两顶。
飞行员证章(第2版)
Merit Cross 功勋十字奖章
1849年设立，共有金质、银质和铜质三个级别。
Civil Merit Medal 平民功勋奖章
平民功勋奖章授带及奖章的黑白照片
设立于1918年。
Civilian Wartime Merit Cross 战时平民功勋十字奖章
设立日期不详，目前只找到一个级别。
Merit Cross for Military Chaplains 随军牧师功勋十字奖章
银质佩剑随军牧师功勋十字奖章
1801年设立，共有金质与银质两个级别。
Honour Decoration of the Red Cross 1914-18 红十字会荣誉十字奖章
功勋十字级红十字会荣誉十字奖章
一级红十字会荣誉十字奖章
二级红十字会荣誉十字奖章
设立日期不详，其下有功勋十字级、一级和二级共三个级别。
Merit Award of the Red Cross 红十字会功勋十字奖章
设立日期不详。
Commemorative Cross for Mobilisation 1912-13 1912-13年动员十字奖章
Instituted on 1913. Awarded to Austro-Hungarian forces that had been mobilised as a precautionary measure during the Balkan Wars between an alliance of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia on the one hand and Ottoman Turkey on the other.
1913年设立，授予动员参加巴尔干战争的奥匈军人。这场战争的一方为保加利亚、希腊、黑山和塞尔维亚联盟，另一方为奥斯曼土耳其。
Bosnian-Herzegovina Commemorative Medal 波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那纪念奖章
After the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877/78 the major powers agreed during the so-called Congress of Berlin on the 13th of June 1878 that Austrian-Hungary should take over the administration of the former Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and the Herzegovina. On the 29th of July 1878 the Austro-Hungarian XIII. Army Corps crossed the Save and after heavy fighting and the capture of Sarajevo the whole territory was occupied on the 1st of October 1878. During the following decades this occupied country stayed under the administration of the army, namely the 13th corps command, which made the post of the commanding general there the most "political" and "civilian" appointment in the whole Austro-Hungarian Army. After some mutinies, the most serious one in 1882, the situation in these provinces normalized, the army ran the postal service as well as the railways, they built roads, bridges as well as schools and hospitals. Besides the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Gendarmerie, four infantry regiments and one Feldjägerbataillon of the regular army were raised from this occupied area and over the years the "Bosniaks" became the most loyal elite units of the whole empire - like the Gurkhas of the British Army. Thirty years after the occupation of the area, which had still the legal status of occupied territory, was annexed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire on the 5th of October 1908. The new provinces became neither part of the Austrian nor of the Hungarian part of the monarchy, they were administrated by newly created federal authorities. To commemorate this day of the annexation, when Bosnia and the Herzegovina became legal constituent parts of the state, Kaiser Franz Joseph introduced the "Bosnian-Herzegovina Commemorative Medal" on the 30th of August 1909.
1877-78年的第十次俄土战争最终以和谈而告终，主要参战国在柏林签定了协定，根据协议，奥匈帝国于1878年6月13日将接管原先属于奥斯曼帝国的波斯尼亚与黑塞哥维那两个省。1878年7月29日奥匈第十三军开始行动，经过激烈的战斗，终于在10月1日将萨拉热窝收入囊中。接下来的是十年军政府管理时期，该地区所有“政治”与“民事”官员的任命权都握在第十三军手中。高压政策引发了数次暴动，最严重的一次发生在1882年。为了稳定民心，奥地利人开通了铁路，又修建公路、桥梁、学校和医院。另外又向占领区增派了宪兵部队、4个步兵团和1个山地营，终于让这些“波什尼亚克族”像英军中的廓尔喀士兵一样愿意为帝国效力。经过三十年法律与事实占领，1908年10月5日，波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那被宣布为奥匈帝国的一部分。管理这个新地区的不是奥地利，也不是匈牙利，而是新成立的一个联邦政权。为了纪念这一重大事件，1909年8月30日弗朗茨·约瑟夫皇帝设立了波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那纪念奖章
The bronze (sometimes also gold plated specimens can be found) medal showed on the obverse the portrait of Kaiser Franz Joseph looking to the right. Only his head is pictured to avoid any discussions which clothes - military uniform or not - he is wearing! The Latin inscription read "FRANC. IOS. I. D. G. IMP. AVSTR. REX BOH. ETC. AP. REX HVNG." (Franz Joseph I. Kaiser of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. Apostolic King of Hungary). On the reverse a laurel-tree is shown, holding in the upper section the coat of arms from these provinces - a crowned shield bearing an armoured arm holding a sabre - in the leaves on both sides of this shield the Latin date "DIE V." and "OCT. - MCMVIII" and on the basic roots an enrolled banner with the inscription "IN MEMORIAM". With regards to the regulations this medal should have been received by all persons who were on active duty with the military and civilian administration of Bosnia and the Herzegovina on the 5th of October 1908. From the about 3000 produced medals about 2800 were awarded.
这种铜质（也有少量金质）奖章正面为弗朗茨·约瑟夫右侧肖像。至于为何只有头像，是因为在设计时对衣服的选择产生了严重的分歧：军装或是其他衣服，最后双方互不相让，干脆只刻一个头像了事。四周的拉丁铭文为“FRANC. IOS. I. D. G. IMP. AVSTR. REX BOH. ETC. AP. REX HVNG.（弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世，奥地利皇帝、波希尼亚与匈牙利国王）”。背面为月桂树托起的皇冠盾章，上面纹有一只握着弯刀的手臂。盾牌的两边树叶里各有日期“DIE V.”和“OCT. - MCMVIII”，底部的横幅上也有铭文“IN MEMORIAM”。授予对象为1908年10月5日当天波斯尼亚与黑塞哥维那所有现役军人与公务员，奖章数量非常稀少，只颁发了2800枚，其制作数量也不超过3000枚。
War Medal 1873 1873年战争奖章
具体说明不详。
Prague Militia Medal 1866 布拉格国民自卫军奖章
During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 the citizen of the Bohemian capital Prague raised three volunteer corps (Bürgerwehren) to support the regular army, similar to the inhabitant of the Tyrol, the Bürgerscharfschützen, the Städtische Garde and the Bürgerliches Polizeischarfschützenkorps. These volunteers organised their uniforms and equipment at their own cost and were recruited from citizens who were not called to army duty, mainly veterans, policemen and other civilian officials. To honor the members of these militias and to give them a sign of commemoration, Kaiser Franz Joseph I introduced the so-called "Prager Bürgerwehrmedaille von 1866" on the 25th of October 1866.
1866年普奥“七周战争”期间，波希米亚首府布格拉发动群众，组建了三支志愿者性质的武装，分别名为“国民自卫队”、“市民护卫队”和“国民警察卫队”。志愿者大多为退伍军人、警察及政府官员，他们自费采购制服与装备。但他们不属于“军队”范畴。“七周战争”虽然以奥匈失败而告终，但为了表彰这些志愿者的行为，弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世于1866年10月25日设立了这种布拉格国民自卫军奖章。
This 31 mm wide, silver medal was designed by the famous Josef Tautenhayn senior (1837-1911) and worn on a 40 mm half white and half light-red typical triangle ribbon. The obverse was similar to the Tyrolean medal for 1866 and depicted the head of Kaiser Franz Josef I with a laurel-wreath looking to the right surrounded by the inscription "FRANZ JOSEPH I. KAISER VON OESTERREICH". On the reverse at the centre is the underlined year-date "1866" surrounded by a wreath constructed of oak leaves and bound on the bottom with a ribbon. Finally 1080 medals were awarded.
这种直径为31毫米的银质奖章，正面采用约瑟夫老年时（1837-1911年）著名的侧面头像，周边铭文为“FRANZ JOSEPH I. KAISER VON OESTERREICH（弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世，奥地利皇帝）”。背面为被橡叶花环围绕的“1866”字样。奖章的授带为白色与淡红色各半。此奖章仅颁发了1080枚。
Commemorative Medal for the 1864 Campaign against Denmark 1864年丹麦战役纪念奖章
Instituted on 10 November 1864. Awarded to members of the Austrian forces active in the war against Denmark over the the Duchy of Schleswig.
设立于1864年11月10日，授予德丹战争中支援梅克伦堡-什未林大公国的奥地利军人。
Commemorative Medals for the Defenders of the Tyrol 1848, 1859 and 1866 蒂罗尔保护者纪念奖章
具体说明不详。
Commemorative Medal for 50th Anniversary of Franz Joseph's Reign 弗朗茨·约瑟夫登基50周年纪念奖章
Instituted on 1898. Awarded to members of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces on 21 October 1898 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I.
1898年设立，授予奥匈军队所有官兵。
授予给公务员（注意其授带，应为白-红）
授予给阵亡军人遗孀
Commemorative Cross for 60th Anniversary of Franz Joseph's Reign 弗朗茨·约瑟夫登基60周年纪念十字奖章
设立于1908年。具体级别不详。
Commemoration Cross for Kaiser Franz Joseph I 弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世皇帝纪念十字奖章
具体介绍不详。
Commemorative Badge for FM Archduke Albrecht 阿尔伯特大公纪念证章
具体介绍不详。
Commemorative Medal of the 13th Royal Bavarian Infantry 巴伐利亚第13皇家步兵团纪念奖章
设立于1901年。
Long Service Cross for Officers 军官长期服役十字奖章
设立日期不详，授予达到服役年限的军官。
Long Service Cross for NCOs and Enlisted Men 士官、士兵长期服役十字奖章
6年服役十字奖章
10年长期服役十字奖章
设立于1849年，授予达到服役年限的士官与士兵。
Medal for 40 years Faithful Service 40年忠诚服役奖章
具体介绍不详。
Territorial Honour Medal for Long Service 本土防卫队长期服役荣誉奖章
具体介绍不详。
Order of the Starry Cross 繁星十字勋章
女爵士级繁星十字勋章
这种只授予女士的勋章设立于1668年，分为大十字级与女爵士级两个级别。
Teutonic Order 条顿骑士勋章
Instituted on 1834 by Emperor Ferdinand I to replace 1190 foundation in Holy Land abolished by Napoleon in 1809, 1929 as an order of chivalry, becoming a purely religious organisation.
1834年由斐迪南一世皇帝设立，以取代1190年设立于圣地、1809年被拿破仑废除的同名勋章，1929年起成为专供单纯宗教组织内骑士阶层的勋章。
以下奖章为战后颁发
Tyrol Province Remembrance Medal 蒂罗尔州纪念奖章（奥地利）
Awarded to all Tiroleans whos served in the First World War and also to those who, between 1915 and 1918 participated in defending the Tirol Province (amongst them were German mountain troops). This bronze gilt medal was instituted on 7 February 1928 and awards were stopped end March 1940. During that period some 120,000 were awarded. The obverse shows the Tirolean Eagle and the reverse bears, within an oak leaf wreath, the words "DAS / LAND TIROL / DEN / VERTEIDIGERN / DES / VATERLANDES/ 1914-1918" (The Tirol Province to the Defenders of the Homeland, 1914-1918).
这种铜质镀金奖章从1928年2月7日设立，至1940年3月停止授予，总共颁发了约12万枚。其授予对象为全体参加过一战的蒂罗尔人，或在1915至1918年间参加了蒂罗尔州防御作战的人员（包括德国山地部队）。奖章的正面为蒂罗尔传统鹰徽，背面是橡叶环绕的铭文“DAS / LAND TIROL / DEN / VERTEIDIGERN / DES / VATERLANDES/ 1914-1918（蒂罗尔州的保卫者，1914-1918）”。
War Commemorative Medals 战争纪念章（奥地利）
Awarded to all who served in the First World War. This medal was instituted on 21 December 1932 and on 10 November 1933 gilt crossed swords were decreed. These were to be attached to the medal's ribbon for those who served under fire at the front, wounded and POW who had behaved with honour.
设立于1932年12月21日，颁发给所有参加过一次大战的军民，1933年11月10日又规定，如获得者曾服役于前线、英勇负伤或被俘，可在授带上的增加金质佩剑装饰，以示荣耀。
The obverse depicts an eagle with wings opened downwards, standing on an upright shield with the Austrian weapon. Along the lower rim are the words "FÜR ÖSTERREICH" (For Austria). On the reverse, within an oak leaf wreath, the dates "1914-1918".
奖章正面为双翅展开、翅尖垂下的雄鹰紧抓纹有奥地利国旗的盾牌。底下刻有铭文“FÜR ÖSTERREICH（为了奥地利）”。背面图案则相对简单，为橡叶花环围绕的日期“1914-1918”。
War Commemorative Medals 战争纪念章（匈牙利）
Awarded "with helmet and swords" to soldiers and other combattants or "without helmet and swords" to all other war participants or to the nearest relative of a soldier KIA. This medal was instituted on 26 May 1929 by the Regent, Admiral Horthy. The obverse shows the weapon shield of Hungary surmounted by a crown and, if so awarded, with swords underneath the shield. The reverse bears the text "PRO DEO ET PATRIA / 1914-1918" (for God and Fatherland 1914-1918) and, if so awarded, with a WWI helmet over the dates.
1929年5月26日由摄政王霍尔蒂海军上将设立，颁发给所有参加过战斗的军民与阵亡、失踪军人亲属。正面为装有皇冠的盾牌，其上纹有匈牙利国旗式样，另外还有交叉的双剑图案。背面有铭文“PRO DEO ET PATRIA / 1914-1918（为了上帝与祖国 1914-1918）”，其间有一顶钢盔图案。
[ 本帖最后由 zhousjNR 于 2012-7-20 10:32 编辑 ]
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